Source based questions on the Vietnam war 1960 Essay Example for Free

stock based questions on the Vietnam fight 1960 EssayAccording to source G, results of opinion polls in the ground forces in the 1960s Vietnam was one of the most important problems facing the USA. This also shows in source F because 64% of muckle said television insurance coverage made them want to back the boys in Vietnam while 26% mat up moved to oppose the war. The safer film made peoples opinions change because through television they could study what was really going on out there so peoples interests about the war increased. Increasing exposure to the war may pack changed opinions about the war because like safers film it showed what was really going on because in safers film soldiers were shot by their own men and they were killing innocent Vietnamese people for no reason. acknowledgment H shows a letter written by a U. S soldier fighting in Vietnam in 1969 and he is expression about how fed up he is with the war and having to go to sleep and listen to rockets and mortars and artillery then having to wake up to fight and see soldiers at the age of 18 and 19 being killed and having their lives cut off. His attitude to the war is that he is sick of it all and when people hear about this back in the USA their opinions probably changed. I think this soldiers views are probably shared by a lotof other soldiers when they are writing home. The soldiers families probably felt scared for the soldier and worrying if he will survive and this will probably change their opinions about the war. Source I is about American array going in and killing innocent Vietnamese people in My Lai. The event occurred in March 1968 but was not published until January 1970. There magnate have been a delay in publishing details of this event because if the article was published then Americans would have questioned the soldiers tactics and it probably would have changed a lot of American opinions.The authorities delayed the publication of the article because it would hav e reflected badly on the soldiers and Americans would have started to question American involvement in the war. Source J is a picture from the My Lai Massacre and it shows a thirteen-year-old girl hanging on to her mother after a soldier stripped her. The picture creates a disgraceful impression on the American army and people probably wonder why the soldier done it. I dont think this picture was credibly to appear in an American newspaper or magazine because people would have been horrified and ashamed of the soldier.If it were published it would have changed peoples opinions of the war. Source K is an anti-war birdsong written by Country Joe Mc Donald in 1967. Anti-war songs were popular in the late 1960s and early 1970s. I think anti-war songs were popular at this time, specially among young people because they wanted the war to stop because there were so art objecty people getting killed in Vietnam and it was the young people who were being called up to fight for the war and they didnt want to. Anti-war songs were heard by large rime of people on radio stations, cassettes or at concerts so it might have influenced people to think more about the war.Source K is a bit like Source H because Source H reached large numbers of people like Source K, they both express attitudes of opposition towards the war and they both might have made people change their views about the war. Source L is a political cartoon published in the USA in 1969. The cartoonist is making a serious point but is trying to consider the point in a funny way. People usually remember funny things so the cartoonist wants people to remember this point. In the cartoon you see a salesman wearing an American suit and trying to sell it to a Vietnamese man by telling him all about it but the Vietnamese man says it doesnt fit.The cartoonist is making points like Americans want the Vietnamese to be like them, Americans and Vietnamese are different from each other and America is a big generous count ry but Vietnam is a small poor country. I have now examined a variety of sources, G, H, I, J, K and L. All these sources give reasons why opinions changed during the war. I think the most important reason for peoples opinions changing during the war were television and things like safers film.

Middle Range Theory Essay Example for Free

Middle Range Theory EssayCohens article (2010) addresses the fact that the transition from adolescence to adulthood no longer occurs at age 21. Starting in the 1970s the U.S. economy changed from a manufacturing economy to a service-based economy. The results are evident today. This economically driven breach changed how people prepared for careers and lifetime. The traditional timing of becoming an adult, marriage, career, children, and financial independence now occurs almost 10 years later than before.Ericksons would re anticipate and take a leak a new sequence of eight stages including of increasement from 10 years up until now. For each specific conflict at each stage, which allows an individual to develop successfully. Each conflict would have to be extended as a result of the change in the economy today. The effect of resolved conflicts are more appropriate as the result the change of adolescent to adulthood no longer occurring to prevent the transition to the next s tage of development. Erickson The most profound life crisis occurs at the fifth stage of development, which can be characterized by rapid physical growth, sexual maturing, concern about the perception of us by others and search of professional calling.The final stage is also crucial, as people asses their life and their achievements. If a man looks back at his life with few regrets, and feels that it was worth living, it leads to a feeling of satisfaction. If, on the contrary, the person feels hopeless, reflects on his mistakes, it leads to a feeling of despair. According to Erickson, if a person achieves a sense of wholeness and self-identity, he will non be afraid of death, and this means that this person has reached the highest form of achievements.ReferencesCohen, P. (2010). Long road to adulthood is growing even longer. Retrieved from http//www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/us/13generations.html?scp=1sq=Long%20road%20to%20adulthoodst=cse_r=0 on September 13, 2014.http//www.nytimes.co m/2010/06/13/us/13generations.html?scp=1sq=Long%20road%20to%20adulthoodst=cse

How Number System Is Used In IT

How Number System Is Used In ITIn this documentation I find discussed of how the application of subject establishment is use in IT applications in both(prenominal) hardw atomic bend 18 and applications, operating frame and in programming language. I have discussed about the use of nursing home 2 in the 8 bit bytes jump use with the operation for subnet. The use of hexadecimal form brooding retrospect and classless inter Domain Routing. at that place argon subjugate of different issuanceing system which is in use for the unique ability to represent different numbers. Binary, octal, Denary and Hexadecimal argon number systems that atomic number 18 used in different aspects Denary number is the most commonly used number system which is oft used in day-after-day life. Nevertheless all(prenominal) number system has associated benefits which atomic number 18 the reason that different number systems atomic number 18 used in different areas.Each of the number system has a fix number of representation of numbers which are used to represent the numbers like, say for example Binary numbers are delineate by either one or zero, Octal numbers are represent by numbers from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 whereas Denary and Hexadecimal numbers are equal by the number of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 0, 1,2. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F, respectively.Binary NumbersBinary numbers are mostly used when there are only ii options available so if one is false then the other is true. Examples of binary program system clear be their usage to represent bits in a computer which can have only 0 or 1 value a switch in a electric circuit which can be either on (1) or off (0). Binary system is widely used to represent situations in everyday normal life as hygienic for example for electronic gates in electricity circuits, false or true statements can also be displaced in terms of binary shapes where 0 represents false and 1 represents true states.Denary NumbersDe nary numbers are frequently used in everyday life in accounting, calendar systems, financial systems or daily routine counting. The main benefits of Denary number system is that they are easier to use as compared to other number systems and have to a greater extent number to present different situations though Hexadecimal number system has more representations only that representation can include characters in them as thoroughly which makes them more difficult to understand and use as compare to denary system. Denary number systems are so frequently used that a someone even do not need to have a formal education to know or use them. One of the reasons can be that it is frequently use in daily life accounting. Other number systems are used in more specified fields such(prenominal) as figure and hence would need to be learned.Octal NumbersOctal numbers are not that commonly used as compared to other numbers and are mostly used in computing graphics, text and famous operating syste m such as UNIX also uses octal numbers for their file tax shelter system. Octal numbers have total of 8 unique representations which can be combined together to make more octal number representations. Octal numbers are difficult to understand for a normal person who has limited number of understanding about the number system. As after 7 different numbers are used to represent numbers from 7 onwards and hence they seem physically bit difficult to comprehend. The number system needs to use a subscript of 8 with is number to represented they are not Denary but octal number otherwise astonishment can easily occurred.Hexadecimal Number SystemHexadecimal number are used where there are more options which needs to be represented off and are mostly commonly used in computing to represent different memory locations. Since binary, octal and hexadecimal have representations which are powers of 2 (power of 0 in binary, 3 in octal and 4 in hexadecimal) hence that makes them more suitable to d ifferent situations, which require different number representations. They are positively contributing to the daily life and to the technology and logical world as well and needs to be understood properly if one needs to take advantage of such technology.Whilst the above gives uses of the binary, octal and hex number systems in different areas of IT and while some example are given the motorbus encourages you to research a wide range of examples for him to look at.Binary Number System used in ASCII table and IP AddressBinary number system are also used in the ASCII table to represent different codes for different characters which then can be used into computing as well. ASCII number is more like a combination of binary numbers. Binary numbers are also used in IP guideing system once again which is a combination of Binary number and are used in computing field. These IP conductes are of two different versions now one is cognise as IP 4 and other one is known as IP 6. These IP add resses are gain ground sub divided into different classes such as class A, B and C where each class has a different number of militarys and network address.The ASCII character nail down, each binary value among 0 and 127 is given a specific character. Most computers extend the ASCII characters set to use the full range of 256 characters available in a byte. The upper 128 characters finagle special things like accented characters from common foreign languages.In ASCII character set, each character is represented by 7 bits when stored in the computer and in an extended ASCII character set, each character is represented by 8 bits. Say for exampleASCII0000000 represents NULLSimilar the word HELLO if converted into binary using the ASCII to binary conversation could be represented as follows.01001000 01000 one hundred one 0100one hundred ten0 01001100 01001111(in decimal 72 69 76 79)Please refer an ASCII character table for further understanding of this conversion.ASCIIBinary Conver sationOctal numbering system for file protection in UNIXEvery file or folder in UNIX has admission fee permission. There are terzetto faces of permissions (what allowed to do with a file)Read AccessWrite AccessExecute AccessPermissions are defined for three types of usersThe owner of the fileThe convocation that the owner belongs toOther usersThus, UNIX file permission are nine bits of information (3 types x 3 type of users), each of them may have just one of two values allowed or denied.Simply put, for each file it can be specified who can articulate or keep from/to the file. For programs or scripts it also can be set if they are allowed to be executed.Textual representation like -rwxr-r-It is used in UNIX long directory listings. It consists of 10 characters. The origin character shows the file type. Next 9 characters are permissions, consisting of three groups owner, groups, others. Each group consists of three symbols rwx (in this order), if some permission is denied, th en a dash -is used instead. For example-rrwxrr-0123456789Symbol in the position 0 (-) is the type of the file. It is either d if the occurrence is a directory or l if it is a link, or - if the item is a regular file.Symbols in positions 1 to 3 (rwx) are permissions for the owner of the file.Symbols in positions 4 to 6 (r) are permissions for the group.Symbols in positions 7 to 9 (r) are permissions for others.rRead approach path is allowedwWrite access is allowedxExecute access is allowedReplaces r, w or x if according access type is deniedNumeric (octal) representation like 664If a numeric representation is used (like in chmod-command, for example), then it is in the octal format (with the base of 8), and digits involved are 0 to 7. Octal format is used for the simplicity of understanding every octal digit combines read, write and execute permissions together. Respective access justifiedlys for owner group and others (in this order) are the last three digits of the numeric file permissions representation. Example 0644. Here the second digit (6 in the example) stands for rights of the owner, the third digit (4 in the example) stands for rights of the group, the fourth digit (4 in the example) stands for rights of others.The below tales show what numeric values meanOctal digitText equivalentBinary valueMeaning0000 each types of access are denied1x001Execute access is allowed only2-w-010Write access is allowed only3-wx011Write and execute access are allowed4r100Read access is allowed only5r-x101Read and execute access are allowed6rw-110Read and write access are allowed7rwx111Everything is allowedAccording to the above table we can see that 1 stands for execute only, 2 stands for write only, 4stands for read only. To combine the permission you can simply add 1, 2 and 4 to get a needed combination. For instance, to get read and write permission, you add 4 (read) and 2 (write), thus getting 6 (read and write). To get read and execute permissions, you add 4 (read ) and 1 (execute), this getting 5 (read and execute).Example755 on a file would mean rwx r-x r-w permission on the file. Simply convert the octal number to the binary equivalent and enable the permission where the bits are 1.755 would mean 111 101 101In addition there is one more octet representing the Set user ID, set group ID, sticky bit which works in a similar way.Octal digitBinary valueMeaning0000setuid, setgid, sticky bits are cleared1001sticky bit is set2010setgid bit is set3011setgid and sticky bits are set4100setuid bit is set5101setuid and sticky bits are set6110setuid and setgid bits are set7111setuid, setgid, sticky bits are setExplain the use of binary in IP addressing for both V4 and V6?Use of binary in IP addressing for V4Each IP in a V4 IP addressing consists of 32 bits. These 32 bits are divided into 4 octets of 8 bits each. An IP address is represented like this 172.12.12.46. A computer can understand only binary values and therefore each IP is stored in binary.Eac h octet is represented as follows. For example if the value of the first octet is 128, it would be represented as follows128643216842110 0 0 0 0 0 0 Therefore an IP 128.128.128.128 would be stored as follows10000000 10000000 10000000 10000000Use of binary in IP addressing for V6While IPv4 allows 32 bits for an Internet Protocol address, and can therefore support 232 (4,294,967,296) addresses, IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, so the new address set supports 2128(3.4 x 1038) addresses.This expansion allows for many more devices and user on the internet as well as extra flexibility in allocating addresses and efficiency for routing traffic.The IPv6 128-bit address is divided along 16-bit boundaries. Each 16-but block is then converted to a 4-digit hexadecimal number, separated by colons. The resulting representation is called colon-hexadecimal. This is in contrast to the 32-bit IPv4 address represented in dotted-decimal format, divided along 8-bit boundaries, and then converted to its dec imal equivalent, separated by periods.The following example shows a 128-bit IPv6 address in binary form00100001110110100000000011010011000000000000000000101111001110110000001010101010000000001111111111111110001010001001110001011010The following example shows this same address divided along 16-bit boundaries0010000111011010 0000000011010011 0000000000000000 00101111001110110000001010101010 0000000011111111 1111111000101000 1001110001011010The following example shows each 16-bit block in the address converted to hexadecimal and be with colons.21DA00D300002F3B02AA00FFFE289C5AIPv6 representation can be further simplified by removing the leading zeros within each 16-bit block. However, each block must have at to the lowest degree a single digit. The following example shows the address without the leading zerosJavascriptCodeSnippet_CopyCode(CodeSnippetContainerCode3)21DAD302F3B2AAFFFE289C5ABinary in describing class A, B and C IP addressesThe class of the address determines which part b elongs to the network address and which part belongs to the node address. All nodes on a given network share the same network prefix but must have a unique host number.Class A Network binary address start with 0, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 1 to 126. The first 8 bits (the first octet) light upon the network and the remaining 24 bits indicate the host within the network. An example of a Class A IP address is 102.168.212.226, where 102 identifies the network and 168.212.226 identifies the host on that network.Class B Network binary addresses start with 10, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 128 to 191. (The number 127 is reserved for loopback and is used for internal testing on the local machine.) The first 16 bits (the first two octets) identify the network and the remaining 16 bits indicate the host within the network. An example of a Class B IP address is 168.212.226.204 where 168.212 identifies the network and 226.204 identifies the host on that network.Class C Network binary addresses start with 110, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 192 to 223. The first 24 bits (the first three octets) identify the network and the remaining 8 bits indicate the host within the network. An example of a Class C IP address is 200.168.212.226 where 200.168.212 identifies the network and 226 identifies the host on that network.Hexadecimal for addressing memoryMemory addresses are displayed as two hex numbers. An example is C8005. The part to the left of the colon (C800) is called the segment address, and the part to the right of the colon (5) is called the offset. The offset value can have as many as four hex digits. The actual memory address is calculated by adding a zero to the right of the segment address and adding the offset value, like this C8005 = C8000 + 5= C8005C8005 is called as the absolute or linear address of the memory. in addition F000FFFD can be computed to get the following memory address.F0000+ FFFDFFFF D or 1,048,573(decimal)The Segment Offset addressing was introduced at a time when the largest register in a mainframe was only 16-bits long which meant it could address only 65,536 bytes (64 KB) of memory, directly. But everyone was hungry for a way to run much larger programs Rather than create a central processing unit with larger register sizes (as some CPU manufacturers had done), the designers at Intel decided to keep the 16-bit registers for their new 8086 CPU and added a different way to access more memory They expanded the instruction set, so programs could tell the CPU to group two 16-bit registers together whenever they needed to refer to an Absolute memory location beyond 64 KB.Classless Inter Domain RoutingClassless Inter Domain Routing. CIDR was invented several years ago to keep the internet from running out of IP addresses. The classful system of allocating IP addresses is very wasteful. Anyone who could reasonably show a need for more that 254 host addresses was gi ven a Class B address block of 65533 host addresses. Even more wasteful were companies and organisations that were allocated Class A address blocks, which contain over 16 Million host addresses Only a tiny office of the allocated Class A and Class B address space has ever been actually assigned to a host computer on the Internet.CIDR specifies an IP address range using a combination of an IP address and its associated network mask. CIDR notation uses the following format xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/nwhere n is the number of (leftmost) 1 bits in the mask. For example,192.168.12.0/23applies the network mask 255.255.254.0 to the 192.168 network, starting at 192.168.12.0. This notation represents the address range 192.168.12.0 192.168.13.255. Compared to traditional class-based networking, 192.168.12.0/23 represents an aggregation of the two Class C subnets 192.168.12.0 and 192.168.13.0 each having a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0. In other words,192.168.12.0/23 = 192.168.12.0/24 + 192.168.13.0/24

Taro Leaves Drying Kinetics and Monolayer Moisture Content

Taro Leaves Drying Kinetics and Monolayer Moisture ContentINTRODUCTION 1A study on the drying kinetics and monolayer moisture glut of taro leavesThis research was aimed to develop dehydrated products based on Taro leaves and finding out the effect of drying parameters such as effect density and temperature on that control the drying kinetics. To determine the end point of drying studies on the sorption isotherm was conducted. From the moisture sorption isotherm data, the monolayer moisture case was estimated by Braunauer-Emmett-Teller ( recreate) equation victimisation data up to a peeing use (aw) of 0.52 and monolayer moisture topiced was engraft to be 8.92 g body of pee per 100 g steadfast for taro leaves. By using another most important model, GAB (Guggenheim-Anderson-DeBoer) model, using data up to aw=0.9, the monolayer moisture means of taro leaves was found to be 19.78g urine per 100 gm solid.INTRODUCTIONIt is estimated that by 2020, the population of Banglades h will be as high as 200 million, which means that there is a need to produce more than food from the limited land resources. In this context, there is a need to explore alternate food works, which could supply food in food jeopardy situations. Taro tail assembly be the alternative to the other vegetables for developing and under highly-developed unpolished. Apart from acting as cheap energy and dietary source, this crop provides other micronutrients, vitamins and dietary fiber as well.In Bangladesh, taro is used as vegetable throughout the country. Corms and cormels are used as starchy vegetables whereas leaves and paging stalks are used as shak. During famine, a large subjugate of people reportedly survive simply on food materials made by boil the corms, cormels, stolons, leaf stalks and leaves of different varieties of Taro.The subfamily Colocasioideae of family Araceae consists of tierce edible tubercrops, namely taro (Colocasia esculenta Schott), tannia (Xanthosoma sp p.) and giant Taro (Alocasia spp.). Among these crops, taro and tannin are cultivated to a larger extent, while giant taro is not as common as commercial crop like the other cardinal. In frequent, these are crops of third base world countries, particularly grown in Africa and Asia. About 88 % of the total world acreage is in Africa which produces about 80% of total production (Onwueme, 1978). Among the three crops, taro is more common in South-East Asia. It is bingle of the ancient crops with an interesting history blending with the evolution of agricultural systems (Gopalan et al., 1974).A large number of horticultural varieties of taro are widely cultivated in Bangladesh and still larger varieties grow wild. During the rainy season when other vegetables are in scarcity in Bangladesh this taro goes a long way to meet the demand for vegetables. The leaves, petioles, stolons, corms and cormels, and indeed all the parts of some taro are taken as food in large quantities by the rur al population in our country. Hence the use of Taro as vegetables, both leaves and roots, in the diets of the people of our country assumes special and added importance.The taro has also medicinal value. Processed Bishknchu is used in Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of rheumatism. Juice from petioles and whole leaves are used as germicidal to check bleeding from minor injury in the rural areas of Bangladesh (Chowdhury, 1975).The possibility of wider use of the Taro leaves as vegetables crops in our country may be ascribed to their different environmental adaptability and ease of cultivation. The lowland types grow in standing water which is rarely possible for other crops. The taro can be produced with minimum cracking investment. Growing of this crop does not require any special technological skill. Their keeping quality in most cases is excellent.The best way of preserving the leasfy vegetables is drying or dehydration. This ferment costs less, then other preserving metho ds and require simple instrument. The type and conditions of the blanching treatment prior to drying affect the retention of ascorbic acid, carotene, and ash in the dried vegetables. The sun-dried vegetables had modest color, texture and acceptability compared to the vegetables dried in the cabinet dryer.In the mechanical dryer, desired temperature and airflow could be maintained. Compared to sun/solar drying, high airflow and temperature can be used in mechanical drying. This leads to high production rates and improved quality products due to shorter drying time and reduction of the risk of insect infestation and microbial spoilage as well as minimum nutrient loss. Since mechanical drying is not dependent on sunlight so it can be done as and when necessary.Based on the above in patternation, the present experiment was broadly aimed to study on development of shelf stable taro (Colocassia esculenta) leaves product. The item objectives of this study are as followsTo determine the composition of fresh and processed Taro leavesTo develop the isothermTo study the drying characteristics of taro leaves during mechanical and senselessness dryingTo study the computer storage stability of processed taro leavesMaterials and methods3.2.3 Sorption isotherm studiesThe moisture sorption properties of dried Taro leaves were determined at room temperature under conditions of various relative humidity (11-93% RH) in the vacuum desiccators. The various RH conditions were achieved in vacuum desiccators using saturated common salt solutions.The following salt solutions ( control panel. 3.1) of known water activity were used for the study (Islam, 1980).Table 3.1 Water activity of saturated salt solutionPetri dishes were used for preparing saturated salt solution. The various salts were put in the Petri dish and water is added to father a saturated condition. The method involved putting a small faultlessly weighed about 1g sample in a previously weighed Petri dish into des iccators contained saturated salt solutions. The sample and the solution was separated a perforated plate to avoid mixing. The desiccators were evacuated to less than 50 Torr. At various intervals, the vacuum was broken with air, the sample weighed and replaced in the desiccators, which was then re-evacuated. The sample was weighed daily in the initial period and less often, as the sample started to reach equilibrium. Weighing was continued until the sample weights were constant two days in row.In the mid-1970s, water activity came to the forefront as a major factor in understanding the control of the deterioration of cut moisture, drugs and biological systems (Labuza, 1975). It was found that the general modes of deterioration, namely physical and physicochemical modifications, microbiological growth, and both aqueous and lipid phase chemical reactions were all influenced by the thermodynamic approachability of water (water activity) as well as the total moisture content of the s ystem.Control of initial moisture content and moisture migration is critical to the quality and safe of foods. Ideally, food manufacturers develop products with defined moisture contents to produce a safe product with optimum shelf- life. Quality and safety factors that the manufacturer must reach are microbial stability, physical properties, sensory properties, and the rate of chemical changes leading to loss of shelf-life. Water activity or the equilibrium relative humidity of a system is defined asWhere Vapor pressure of water in equilibrium with the dry system Saturation vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature.Sorption properties of floods (equilibrium moisture content and monolayer moisture) are essential for the design and optimization of many processes such as drying, packaging and storage (Muhtaseb et al., 2002).The moisture sorption isotherms showing the equilibrium amount of water sorbed onto a solid as a function of steady state vapor pressure at a constan t temperature (Bell and Labuza, 2000).There are many empirical equations that describe this behavior, but the water sorption properties at various RHs should be experimentally determined for each material. The general shape of the isotherm, specific surface area of the sample, reversibility of moisture uptake, presence and shape of a hysteresis loop provide information on the manner of interaction of the solid with water (Swaminathan and Kildsig, 2001).Sorption properties are important in predicting the physical state of materials at various conditions, because most structural transformations and phase transitions are significantly affected by water (Roos, 1995).Langmuir (1917) developed an equation based on the theory that the molecules of gas are adsorbed on the active sites of the solid to form a layer one molecule thick (monolayer).The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller ( stakes) sorption model (Brunauer et al.1938) is often used in modeling water sorption particularly to obtain the monolay er value (Eq. 2.10) which gives the amount of water that is sufficient to form a layer of water molecules of the thickness of one molecule on the adsorbing surface (Bell and Labuza 2000, Roos, 1995).The BET monolayer value has been said to be optimal water content for stability of low-moisture materials (Labuza, 1975 and Roos, 1995). The BET equation was developed based on the fact that sorption occurs in two distinct thermodynamic states a tightly bound piece and multilayer having the properties of bulk free water (Zografi and Kontny, 1986). The BET equation isWhere, = the measured moisture at water activity = the monolayer moisture content (the optimal moisture content for maximal storage stability of a dry food)c = the isotherm temperature dependence coefficient (energy constant)Vanchy (2002) determined the moisture sorption isotherm of Whole milk powder (WMP). The WMPs were stored at 20 and 35C under 11%, 22% and 33% relative humidity . The monolayer moisture content was 4.8% , (solids not fat basis) at 0. 11 using the BET equation and 5.1 % at 0.23 according to the GAB equation.Nikolay et al. (2005) determined the moisture equilibrium data ( surface assimilation and desorption) of semi-defatted (fat 10.6 % wet basis) pumpkin seed flour using the static hydrometric method of saturated salt solutions at three temperatures 10C, 25C, and 40C, found that the equilibrium moisture content decreased with the increase in storage temperature at any given water activity. They fitted the experimental data to five mathematical models (modified Oswin, modified Halsey, modified Chung-Host, modified Henderson and GAB).The GAB model was found to be the most suitable for describing the sorption data. The monolayer moisture content was estimated using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) equation. The BET model (Brunauer et al. 1938) gives the best fit to the data at aw of up to 0.5 (Bell and Labuza 2000, Roos 1995).Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) sorption model (Anderson 1946, Boer 1953, Guggenheim 1966) introduces a third state of sorbed species intermediate to the tightly bound and free states. The GAB equation has a similar form to BET, but has an extra constant, K (equation 2.11). BET is actually a special case of GAB.The GAB equation isIsotherm equations are reusable for predicting the water sorption properties of a material, but no equation gives results accurate throughout the entire range of water activities. According to Timmermann (2003), the GAB monolayer value is always higher than the BET monolayer value. Prediction of water sorption is needed to establish water activity and water content relationship for materials (Roos, 1995)Wherem = the measured moisture at water activity= the monolayer moisture content (the optimal moisture content for maximum storage stability of a dry food),=the GAB multi-layer constantc=the isotherm temperature dependence coefficient (energy constant).The GAB model can be used to a maximum water activity of 0.9 . The following procedure is suggested by Biozt (1983) to fit data on water activities and equilibrium moisture content.Equation (2.11) can be transformed as followsWhereEquation (2.12) indicates that GAB equation is a three-parameter model. The water activity and equilibrium moisture content date are regressed using equation (2.12) and values of three coefficients, and are obtained. From these coefficients, the values of k,, and c can be calculated.To overcome this weakness of the GAB equation, modifications of the equation have been proposed (Schuchmann et al. 1990 Timmermann and Chirife 1991). Timmermann and Chirife (1991) used one extra parameter in the GAB model and studied the so-called third stage of sorption using experimental data of starch with satisfactory results.Isotherm equations are useful for predicting the water sorption properties of a material, but no equation gives results accurate throughout the entire range of water activities. According to Timmermann (2003) , the GAB monolayer value is always higher than the BET monolayer value. Prediction of water sorption is needed to establish water activity and water content relationship for materials (Roos, 1995).Results and discussionThe sorption isotherm is an extremely valuable tool for food scientist because it can be used to predict potential changes in food stability, for selection of packaging, for selection of ingredient and for predicting drying time. A sorption isotherm for dehydrated taro leaves obtained by senselessness oven drying (VOD) was established to determine how the taro product will behave in a confined environment. To obtain the moisture sorption isotherm, moisture content (dry basis) versus water activity were plotted on linear graph paper (Figure 4.1).The results shown in Figure 4.1 (tabulated data given in Appendix-II, Table 2.1), indicate that samples absorb little water particularly at lower aw (Figure 4.1 Graphical presentation of sorption isotherm of TaroThe water sor ption isotherm of taro follows the shape of the sigmoid type isotherm. The resultant curve is caused by the combination of colligative effects (physical properties of solution), capillary effects, and surface-water interactions (Bell and Labuza, 2000). A distinct knee usually indicates a formation of a well-defined monolayer.The monolayer moisture content was estimated using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) equation. The BET equation is an extension of the Langmuir relationship that accounts for multilayer coverage.BET equation was used (eq. 2.10) to calculate monolayer moisture content (mo) and energy constant (C). mo represents the optimal moisture for maximum storage stability in the dry state. Results obtained from BET equation are shown in Table 4.2.Table 4.2 Data for BET and GAB methodsFrom the slope and tease of BET equation (Appendix II, Figure 2.1), monolayer moisture content and energy constant of taro leaves calculated for VOD samples. The monolayer moisture content of t aro leaves was found to be 8.92g water per 100 g solid (Table 4.2). The calculated monolayer moisture content are greater than those found by Islam (1980) who reported 5.5 for potato slice and 6 for potato powder and by Kamruzzaman (2005) who reported 7.52 for aroids.Another important model of sorption isotherm behavior stated by GAB (Guggenheim-Anderson-DeBoer) in equation 2.11 and 2.12 to determine the monolayer moisture content of food products. This is very important for safe level of storage of food.Dry foods are usually considered to be most stable to chemical reactions if their moisture content is at or near the BET monolayer (Labuza et al., 1970). Usually air dried products are dried to moisture content corresponding to aw 0.6 (Nickerson and Sinskey, 1977).From this study it is seen that VOD taro leaves give 25% (Figure 4.1) moisture content at 0.6 aw. From this standpoint, freeze dried products are considered best for sorption studies (Islam, 1980). It may be mentioned here that the current study was concerned with adsorption isotherm so as to avoid risk due to hysteresis effect. At same moisture content adsorption path gives higher water activity than desorption path. therefrom product dried to safe aw level according to adsorption isotherm will be even safer when it follows desorption path.After fitting data (Appendix II) the following figure was developed and from the developed equation the monolayer moisture content of taro leaves were found for GAB model.Fig. 4.2 Graphical presentation of GAB model of sorption isothermFrom the developed Figure (4.2) and equation (4.1) the coefficients found, and were -0.121, 0.114 and -0.003 independently (Table 4.2). Taking k= 0.9 and found the monolayer moisture content 19.78gm water per 100 gm solid. It is shown that the standard GAB equation is adequate to describe experimental data for water activity values up to 0.90 but fails to adequately describe the experimental data when data in the range of aw 0.9- 1.0 are included in the calculation.

The Importance Of Reward Management Business Essay

The Importance Of retort Management Business Essay pay focus in a trading administration is basically the way in which that particular avocation forms and implements strategies and policies to punish the employees to a sightly standard and in accordance with how the presidency clothe them. Reward management in a business organisation commonly consists of the business analysing and controlling the employees remuneration and all of the other benefits for the employees.The main aim of reenforcement management in a business organisation is to return the employees fairly for the ply that they use up completed. The main priming payoff management exists in business organisations is to motivate the employees in that particular organisation to crap hard and try their best to achieve the goals which are set out by the business. Reward management in business organisations not only consist of pecuniary reinforcing stimuluss such as pay but they also consist of non-financial advantages such as employee recognition, employee knowledge/development and additiond job responsibility.Reward management in a business organisation deals with the design, implementation and maintenance of reenforce practices that are geared towards the improvement of the business organisations performance.The Importance of Reward ManagementThe elements of pay back management within a business organisation are all the things that they use to attract potentiality employees into their business which includes salary, bonuses, inpennyive pay, benefits and employee growth opportunities such as professional development and training opportunities. Having a strengthener management brass in function provides the business with many advantages, especially in small to medium size organisations where the managers mustiness have a heartfelt relationship with the employees. Reward syllabuss have proved to be very successful in motivating employees and in turn increase the performanc e of the organisation as a whole.Below are some of the reasons wherefore a reward system is importantMutually beneficial- A reward system is beneficial not only to the employee but also to the organisation. The employee testament smell out more(prenominal) motivated to work harder.by having a reward system in place the employee forget whole tone more committed to their work and their productivity will increase. An increase in productivity will then benefit the organisation. Therefore a reward system is mutually beneficial to the employee and the organisation.Motivation-A reward system will motivate employees by reaching targets and organisational goals in exchange for rewards. A reward system is great at motivating employees but they will also be motivated to prove themselves to the organisation.Absenteeism-A reward system will reduce absenteeism in the organisation. Employees like being rewarded for a job well done and if there is a reward system in place, employees will be l ess probable to be ringing in sick and not showing up for work. also by having a reward system in place the employees will be clearer about the targets and goals of the organisation as they will be rewarded when reach received targets. So by having a reward system as an incentive they will be less likely to be absent from work.Loyalty-A reward system will increase the employees loyalty to the organisation. By a reward system being in place the employee feels valued by the organisation and knows that their opinion matters. If an employee is bright with the reward system, they are more likely to appreciate work place and remain loyal to the organisationMorale-Having a reward system in place providing employees with incentives and recognition will boost their morale. By encouraging employees to decent goals and targets it gives them clear focus and purpose which will their morale. By the employees morale being boosted this will increase the morale of the entire organisation. This is all d confess to a reward system in the organisation.Teamwork- The reward system will increase the teamwork spirit in the organisation. The reward system will promote teamwork to the employees. The employees will work together as part of a team to achieve their targets in return for rewards. Teamwork within the organisation will help increase efficiency and create a happier workplace. This is another reason why reward systems are important in business organisations.Types of Reward SystemsThere are several ways to classify rewards the three most common types are as followsIntrinsic Rewards Vs Extrinsic Rewards-Intrinsic rewards are the individual(prenominal) satisfaction you get from the job itself eg having pride in your work, having a feeling of accomplishment or being part of a team. If an employee experiences feelings of achievement or personal growth from the job, this would be labelled as an intrinsic reward.Extrinsic rewards would include money, promotions and other benefi ts. Extrinsic rewards are external to the job and come from an outside source, usually management. If an employee receives a salary increase or a promotion, this would be labelled as an extrinsic reward.Financial Rewards Vs Non-Financial Rewards-Financial rewards are those that will enhance the employees financial well-being immediatelyly eg bonus, increase in wages and profit sharing schemes.Non-financial rewards do not enhance the employees financial position directly but guide the job more attractive. Some of the Non-financial rewards that a business organisation offer might include-an attractive pension scheme, access to private medical care, help with long-term sickness, crche facilities, counselling services, staff restaurant etc.Performance-Based Rewards Vs Membership-Based Rewards-The rewards that a business organisation gives to their employees can be based on either their performance or membership criteria. Performance-based rewards are exemplified by the use of commiss ions, piecework pay plans, incentive schemes, group bonuses, merit pay or other forms of pay for performance plans.Membership-based rewards would include terms of living increases, benefits and salary increase, seniority or time in rank, credentials or future potential.Case StudyTom Warner owned a plumbing, modify and air-conditioning business in Montgomery County,Maryland. In the early 1990s, he faced a major problem. His main customers were commercial property management businesses and they regarded to course costs. In order to do this these commercial property management businesses decided to end their contract with Tom Warner and hire their own handymen.Tom Warner didnt motive to target off any of his 250-person workforce. He decided to reconstruct his workforce into territories. He assigned each worker their own territory and told them to operate their territory as if they were running their own business. He put each area director through training in sales techniques, bud geting, negotiating, cost estimating and how to handle customer complaints.Warner believed that if he had technically superb, friendly, and ambitious employees, they could successfully operate like small-town handymen, even though they would be part of a large organisation.Tom Warners programme proved to be very successful. The area directors developed a strong sense of pride and ownership in their territories. Each employee was able to schedule their own work, handle their own equipment, develop their own estimates and advertising campaigns. These were the rewards that each employee desired.Tom Warners programed increased the employees wages. A typical employee working for Warner before he introduced the programme was earning $60,000.In the first year of the programme that employee was earning $100,000.In the second year he was earning $125,000.From a reward point of view, Warners employees are passing happy and Tom Warners business grew by more than 200 per cent in 24 months.Lite rary Review tally to the book Human Resource Management in Ireland 3rd edition by Patrick Gunnigle, Noreen Heraty and Michael j. MorleySchuler (1995) outlines a bend of core objectives that a business organisation should have in relation to the reward software product that they offer.Schuler states that in order for a business organisations reward big bucks to be successful it must meet the following objectivesIt should attract potential employees- along with the organisations human resource plan and recruitment and selection techniques the reward package should make potential employees want to work there. The reward package including its mix of pay, incentives and benefits should serve to attract suitable potential employees.It should assist in adjudgeing good employees- the reward package must be perceived inwroughtly by the employees as fair and equitable and it should be perceived externally as competitive. Internally the employees should feel happy with the reward package and they should know that in comparison to other businesses it is a very competitive reward package so they wont want to leave and seek employment elsewhere.It should motivate employees- the reward package should help and assist motivating employees to work harder. By linking rewards to performance it should motivate employees to work harder as there is an incentive element.It should contribute to human resource and strategic business plans- the reward package should create a rewarding and supportive climate to work in and therefore it should be perceived as an attractive place to work. This will benefit the business as it will be attracting the best applicants.Reward management in business organisations is extremely important as the reward package helps to attract employees, retain employees and baffle performance and behaviour at work.According to the book People Management and Development Human Resource Management at Work by Mick Marchington and Adrian WilkinsonLawler (1984) fee ls that a reward system within the business organisation can influence a number of HR processes and practices, which then have a direct impact on the organisations performance as a whole.Influence recruitment and retention Lawler states that any business organisations that have a reward system in place will attract and retain the most people. If better performers are rewarded more highly than poor performers. This also will have an effect on recruitment and retention, so performance-based systems are more likely to attract high-performers.For Example If a business organisation rewards their employees with high wages, they will attract more applicants which will allow the business more of a choice over selection and hiring decisions. This hopefully will reduce labour turnover in the organisation.Influence Motivation Employees see that by having a reward system in place, it puts an importance on various activities and tasks. Reward systems therefore have a motivational impact on the e mployees. However the management must integrate the reward system with the behaviour they expect from the employees.Influence Corporate Culture The way in which the employees are rewarded will have a immense influence on the corporate culture of the organisation.For example If a business organisation has a reward system in place that provides benefits for long-serving staff, this will likely shape the existing culture into one where loyalty is seen as central to the business organisations ideology. In contrast, if a business organisation has a reward system in place that rewards the employees for innovative behaviour and ideas, this is more likely to shape the businesses corporate culture into one where creativity and innovation is important.Cost as an influence Cost is a huge factor and influence in the reward system. Some business organisations may not be able to afford to set up and maintain the reward system it may be too costly for them. On the other hand, some business organi sations may not want to waste the money on a reward system. This may demotivate the employees as they will think that not worth it and this will have a direct impact on their performance in the organisation which in turn will in turn have a direct impact on the organisations performance as a whole.According to the book Human resource management in Ireland 4th edition by Patrick Gunnigle, Noreen Heraty and Michael j. MorleyLawler (1977) highlights that in order for reward management to be successful the reward system needs to have the inbred characteristicsReward level- In order for reward management to be successful, the reward package must satisfy the employees basic needs for survival, security and self-development.Individuality- Along with satisfying the employees basic needs, the reward system should be flexible enough to meet the employees varying individual needs.Internal equity- The rewards must be seen as fair when compared to others in the business. The criteria and reason s for the allocation of rewards to employees should be equitable and clear to everyone in the organisation .The reason behind the allocation of rewards to employees should be communicated and accepted by all parties. The rewards should be applied consistently throughout the organisation.External equity- The rewards must be seen as fair when compared to those offered for comparable work outside the organisation.Trust- In order for reward management to be successful in the organisation, the management and the employees must believe in the reward system 100 per cent. The employees must believe and accept that will receive rewards when they meet the relevant criteria. The management should trust that the employees will perform at a high standard and the best to their ability in return for rewards.According to Lawler (1977) in order for a business organisation to be successful in reward management, he believes that a reward system must have the characteristics listed above.According to t he book Human resource management 6th edition by De Cenzo and RobbinsArmstrong and Murlis (1998) offer some broad distinctions between the main types of reward systemGain Sharing Schemes-the pay of a group of workers is linked to improvements in internal company productivity.Employee Stock Ownership Schemes (ESOPs)-The business organisation offers company stock (at a lower rate than normal) to true employees.Profit-Sharing Schemes-The business organisation gives a certain percentage of the end of year profits to the employees.Skill-Based Pay Schemes-The business organisation rewards the employees with pay on the basis of job-related skills or competencies.Individual Incentive Schemes-The business organisation rewards the employees for reaching or exceeding specific established performance criteria. Piece- rate schemes are the most obvious form of individual performance related rewards. assembly Incentive Schemes-The business organisation rewards groups of employees with the same pr inciples they use on individual schemes. Used most commonly when group work or team work is present in the business organisation.ConclusionTo conclude I am going to give a brief run through the topics I have covered throughout this report.I defined and explained the meaning of what reward management is and how organisations manage rewards in organisations. I then went on to discuss the importance of reward management within organisations, by doing this I pointed out the advantages of having reward systems in an organisation. These benefits included mutually beneficial, increases motivation, improves morale, increases the employees loyalty to the organisation, improves teamwork and reduces absenteeism. I looked at commonly used reward schemes. I looked at a case study about Tom Warner was forced to reward his employees with a huge amount of responsibility however it had an extremely successful outcome for him. I then looked at the main aims that every reward system should have attrac t potential employees, assist in retaining good employees, motivate employees, contribute to human resource and strategic business plans. I explained the direct impact a reward system can have on the organisation as a whole ie influence on performance, influence on motivation, influence on the corporate culture.I looked at and explained the essential characteristics a reward system must have in order to be effective. This is important for management when designing their reward system. They should look at and gauge their current reward system and make sure it possesses the right characteristics. I then differentiated between the most common types of reward schemes according to question I found on Armstrong and Murlis point of view on reward systems.

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4.0 Market analysis4.1 Market segmentation and tar present market selectionOur company segment market in demographic features, geographical statistical distribution and behavioural descriptors. By doing so, our company result have a better understanding of our tar repair preference in the industry. This is an important step in severalise to succeed.First, we segment demographic characteristics in age and income. Our company segments consumers who are teenagers and working adults with middle or high income. This is because teenagers are newly trend throng who write in touch with technology very often. Besides, they are catching up with technology which is in high-tech, innovative and special. Therefore, VeeEye Sdn Bhd pull up stakes have the opportunity to get into the market. On the other hand, we segment working adults with middle and high income as they have financial ability to purchase our product. Adult workers who are highly meliorate will get well paid job with middle o r high income. Therefore, they are more(prenominal) willing to spend for our product compare to deject income workers as they might not afford to purchase our product.Next, we also segment our consumer in geographical distribution. Geographical area such as Kuala Lumpur and Penang Island in Malaysia will be our target market. This is because both of the conjures have many industries with big company. Therefore, workers there will be getting higher(prenominal) paid compare to other state worker. With higher salary, they have more ability to purchase our product compare to others. Besides, they will be busy and under stress during their working hours. So, they might function more frequently during weekend or holiday. Therefore they might need a good camera all the time with them. So, we choose Kuala Lumpur and Penang instea... ...ke us easily onrush to our target markets spending behaviour and lifestyle. We have our own office for sell and repairing service. We believe that to get higher reputation from customers we got to deliver a good quality product which customers willing to pay for it and provide a good service such as customer able get unloose repairing service within 2 years warranted, give the full information and detail to customers and customers could get some discounts base on their revision. In order to pluck more customers, we have an idea launch our product on the online purchasing website such as Taobao, eBay, Zalora. Even customers from other country have a come up to make an order, we do delivery to them within the period, if more than that period, and the customer only paid us half prices of their order. This is one type of service provided by our company. Essay -- 4.0 Market analysis4.1 Market segmentation and target market selectionOur company segment market in demographic features, geographical distribution and behavioural descriptors. By doing so, our company will have a better understanding of our t arget preference in the industry. This is an important step in order to succeed.First, we segment demographic characteristics in age and income. Our company segments consumers who are teenagers and working adults with middle or high income. This is because teenagers are newly trend people who keep in touch with technology very often. Besides, they are catching up with technology which is in high-tech, innovative and special. Therefore, VeeEye Sdn Bhd will have the opportunity to get into the market. On the other hand, we segment working adults with middle and high income as they have financial ability to purchase our product. Adult workers who are highly educated will get well paid job with middle or high income. Therefore, they are more willing to spend for our product compare to lower income workers as they might not afford to purchase our product.Next, we also segment our consumer in geographical distribution. Geographical area such as Kuala Lumpur and Penang Island in Malaysia w ill be our target market. This is because both of the states have many industries with big company. Therefore, workers there will be getting higher paid compare to other state worker. With higher salary, they have more ability to purchase our product compare to others. Besides, they will be busy and under stress during their working hours. So, they might travel more frequently during weekend or holiday. Therefore they might need a good camera all the time with them. So, we choose Kuala Lumpur and Penang instea... ...ke us easily approach to our target markets spending behaviour and lifestyle. We have our own office for sell and repairing service. We believe that to get higher reputation from customers we got to provide a good quality product which customers willing to pay for it and provide a good service such as customer able get free repairing service within 2 years warranted, give the full information and detail to customers and customers could get some discounts base on their o rder. In order to attract more customers, we have an idea launch our product on the online purchasing website such as Taobao, eBay, Zalora. Even customers from other country have a chance to make an order, we do delivery to them within the period, if more than that period, and the customer only paid us half prices of their order. This is one type of service provided by our company.

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Mohamed BaiyaResearch paper 11-12-2013 Language and CultureNothing distinguishes the human race from the rest of the species clearly more than owning the language and enculturation Using language attributes unique to our species, we can connect any something notify minds. This ability enables us to learn from the lessons of previous generations and added to them we live the values that you have gained in the past , as well as trial and error, to improve our lives . Has developed a combination of culture and language invincible human beings on the planet thr iodine.However, the question remains oriented anthropologists and linguistics is not about the reason behind the greatness of language and culture to this point, but what makes them Important in t he maiden place.We know that those two tools interrelated, and the core issue is to understand the nature of this relationship. Since the philosophical era of Aristotle and Plato, I found two basic ways, it is the Platonic perspective comes indwelling theory that believes that language is predetermined, and that it has a constant form is subject to change dictated by genes (or gods) . It is through the one-way where facilitate language culture eon not affecting the culture, the language, but in a minimalistic. But the idea of Aristotle says that many of the sustains identified by the language and cultural traditions serves socially.Over the past lambert years ago, followed the prevailing theory see Plato, saying that language is an innate ability ... ...e differ from those used by men phrase I love life those blouse with purple pale often will be the one who says lady, , unlike women who tend to the classical formulas . Similarly, differentiate culture among the spelling, the men and women of the language because they are provoke in it.Any language that does not include the feature repeatability will be an example inversely refute this hypothesis, and this is what would argue that it applies to the language This language refutes feature repeatability alleged Even when can learn repetition in other languages or show evidence of thinking recursively, as is the case with speakers language. Thus, if there is one language can exist without tag repeatability, all other languages can in terms of principle, and this contrasts with the claim that the repeatability is a prerequisite indispensable for human contact.