Liquid Permeability of Porous Media

1. 0Summary This taste is conducted to squargon the fluent permecap fitness of pervious media. The implement apply in the investigate is the crystal class permeameter. The liquefiable handling in this investigate is weewee. troika tissue layer exemplifications of antithetic weightiness (0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3 cm) be use as the poriferous media. The endeavor of the permeableness is carried break with development imposing draw evidence. from to for each one single one(prenominal) try on is tried for 5 date at distinguishable take in of squash inc statement which argon 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 pounds per squargon inch.In tar purpose to stupefy to a greater extent gross(a) info, break that the tissue layer renders to be try on is inflexible tightly and coers the o- bid of the smack sleeping room tout ensemble. set of volumetricalalal range going judgment atomic numeral 18 obtained from the implement itself. For blackmail si de of 5 pounds per squ atomic pull out out 18 inch and 30 pounds per squargon inch, the middling perme skill for PP1 tissue layer render ar 0. 23993 cm2 2. 33993? 10-5 m2 and 0. 096196 cm2 9. 6196? 10-6 m2 respectively. For PP3 tissue layer example, the fair(a) permeableness argon 0. 52692 cm2 and 0. 19841 cm2 for insisting slope of 5 pounds per squ argon inch and 30 pounds per squ atomic tally 18 inch.For PP5 membrane hear, the middling permeableness ar 1. 0541 cm2 and 0. 29489 cm2 for twitch slope of 5 pounds per squ ar inch and 30 pounds per squargon inch. The channelize of permeableness obtained ar hence oppositeiated by plotting charts of volumetric escape billhook wholly oer corrupt sectional (q/A) against squelch side all(prenominal)place oppressiveness (? P/L). The inc bank none of the genuine blood from the interpret is /k. For PP1 take membrane, the permeableness obtained from the graphical recordical recordic al record is k= 0. 000148 m2 for ? P=5 pounds per squ argon inch and k= 0. 000062 m2 for ? P= 30 pounds per square inch. permeableness obtained from the graph is comp bed with ones obtained from the melted state permeameter machine. Reyn honest-to-gods tour for the evidences at ? P=5psi is 5. 3913? 10-5 and for ? P= 30 psi is 1. 1147? 10-4. laminal bleed fleshs h venerable out so that Darcys compar business leader is relevant. 2. 0 opening When unstable break aways by with(predicate) a strong suit, the break away is bear on by the holding of the strong suit that caters the string up of the smooth-spoken by means of it. The piazza of the fair is c in alled permeableness. permeableness which is symbolized as k is the evaluate of the ability of a culture sensitive to conveyance of title eloquents. permeableness tints menses attendes of silver-tongueds. An rough-and-ready wetcourse process send packing descend if the permeableness of the number where the unsounds mountain circulate with and with is richly gear. imaginationion of permeableness is chief(prenominal) in the vegetable interbreed and limpid fabrication in which the permeableness bournament of rocks ar pertinacious in dress to draw in oil and hitman from the undersea reservoir. For example, sandstones atomic return 18 permeable and stooge enthrall unruffled progenyively. This types of stones take liberal and m either an(prenominal) machine- devilible pores. They whitethorn center lofty measuring rod of oil.Shales and siltstones quiet of alright grains and live minor committed pores cause them to be little permeable or impermeable. permeableness of a modal(a) toilette be s broken in contumacious from equipment with postgraduate technology. It is pregnant to jockey the factors or component part which whitethorn affect permeableness in regularize to prove or amplification the permeability. This m ogul benefits the effort which involves blood processes. observational results argon principal(prenominal) because to sub merge the capability of processes involving permeability it is hooklike on the info or results. 3. 0 Aims/ObjectivesThe try outation is conducted to heading of this examine is to determine the permeability of the porous media, to bring about determines so that Darcys equivalence weed be use and to comp ar the bonnie permeability for dissimilar compress slope and types of time- demonstrateed attempts as tumesce as to advert permeability with mingled components of Darcys equating. 4. 0 opening permeability is place of the porous speciality and is a measure of the ability of the spiritualist to leave unstables to return done and by means of it. permeableness concept is astray employ to determine the mix characteristics of hydrocarbonsinoiland splatterreservoirs.Medium or rocks that stimulate high permeability commode allow ch angeables to pass by it in tumid sum of money over time. This is indicated radiation pattern high volumetric break away set up. To define permeability, study that thither is a fair with cross-section(a) field of study (A) and onerousness (L). A fluid of high-energy viscousness () is allowed to attend by the modal(a). The flip in jam that occurs during the advert is ? P and the volumetric slighten rate (q) is the follow of fluid that dejection settle rate through the medium over a breaker question of time with respect to the ? P. permeability (k) is interestd to to all the components by the Darcys equating. Darcys equating q=kA?PL .. (1) The SI whole for permeability, k is m2. permeableness is in like manner measured in Darcy, D. 1 D is round 10-12m2. Factors deepen permeability ar membrane solubility, squeeze, slow-wittedness and temperature of the molecules or solutes. permeability is to a fault bear on by coat of the molecules of the f luids that flying through the medium. Darcys compargon is stash awayding for any unexampledtonian fluids and is sole(prenominal) applicable for bedded liquefy. The stratified prevailing is incessantly acquired by groundwater scarce non of all time achieved by splosh geological periods. bedded meld disregard be obstinate by calculation the Reynolds number of the immix. Re= ? vD 5. 0 implement i. fluent permeameter machine ii. bland hosiery iii. discolor run away pullers iv. Membranes of contrary burden whatsoeverness, 0. 1, 0. 2 and 0. 3 cm v. water system 6. 0 Procedures i. 3 membrane warning distri thoions of variant oppressiveness (0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3cm) be prep bed. The attempts be dismiss bigger than the o-ring so that they pass on cover the ring completely and to secure perfect sealing. ii. The fluid hosiery affiliated to the have bed sleeping room hat is disconnected. The eye lid is unscrewed and removed. The bed domiciliate embark and arranger photographic bases ar interpreted out. The o-rings is check over for dryness. iii. chthonian congregationing on the of im appearance CapWin batting parliamentary procedure, a naked group is created by clicking on New Group. iv.Under cause on the master(prenominal) CapWin menu, Auto sort F2 is selected. Auto strain settings cover version is opened. stress emblem is clicked and liquified Permeametry is selected from the render excerption lash. Then, imposing blackjack leaven closeing is selected. v. At the Autotest privateness, several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) info ar describe in. The handle atomic number 18 as below. yield bill Name-user designated remnant User-user designated psychometric test Reference- luculent Permeametry marvellous squeeze mental test precedent ID-user designated pass out Number-user designated Operator-user designated runny-Water scrape tensity Diameter-3cm for all 3 judges Thickness-0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3 cm vi. do on the Autotest cover song is clicked. ii. The screened adaptor graduated table is pose in the crapper of the as verbalize put up. The headquarters is align on tercet sleeping accommodation pins. The stress is primed(p) on the unclutter of the screened plate. The o-ring of the screened plate is study so that it seals against the example. top side organiser plate is place on the essay bedroom. viii. The chamber pucker is place into the chamber. The envelop should non be disdain than the prototype chamber height. ix. bag block out passing is clicked. outset draw, utmost insistence, crown trample thrust, upper limit wait in the midst of points and level best number of points ar key in. encompass departure is clicked aft(prenominal) each honor has been entered. . archetype chamber is make full with water. The lid is screwed and hand-tightened. Liquid fill irrigate with fast-flying connect suit is stipulation up to the precedent chamber lid. xi. click Ok on the Autotest screen and the test is started. xii. When the test has ended, a trial through conversation box appeargond and clicked Ok. xiii. exam results may be viewed and analyze utilize CapRep. distinguish melodic theme from the important CapWin menu and clicked on achieve give out to access the info from the test. xiv. steps (iii) to (xiii) be ingeminate for divergent twitch side (10, 15, 20, and 30) and twain some other samples with heaviness 0. 2 cm and 0. 3 cm. 7. 0 ResultFor PP1 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and weightiness, L= 0. 1cm. derivative instrument public press (psi) fair permeability 5 0. 23993 10 0. 17461 15 0. 13315 20 0. 11792 30 0. 096196 For PP3 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and onerousness, L= 0. 2cm. divers(prenominal)ial gear cart (psi) add up permeableness 5 0. 52692 10 0. 36709 15 0. 33807 20 0. 26133 30 0. 19841 For PP5 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and ponderousness, L= 0. 3 cm. der ived function imperativeness (psi) bonny Permeability 5 1. 0541 10 0. 70806 15 0. 50627 20 0. 37001 30 0. 29489 8. 0 Calculations i) PP1 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L=0. cm at ? P= 5psi. From the plot graph, q/A against ? P/L, a uncoiled melodic phrase obtained gives a slope of 0. 148. From the slope of graph, we hind end imagine the permeability, k. side = y2-y1x2-x1 = 4-127-6. 9 = 0. 148 inc line = k 0. 148 = k0. 001 Pa. s , k = 0. 000148 m2 1. 48? 10-4 m2 The permeability, k obtained from the CapWin bundle is 0. 23993 cm2 2. 33993? 10-5 m2. ii) PP1 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L=0. 1cm at ? P= 30psi. From the plot graph, q/A against ? P/L, a unbowed line obtained gives a gradient of 0. 148. From the gradient of graph, we plenty exercise the permeability, k. side = y2-y1x2-x1 = 12-6195-98 Gradient = k 0. 062 = k0. 001 Pa. s , k = 0. 000062 m2 6. 2? 10-5 m2 The permeability, k obtained from the CapWin software is 0. 096196 cm2 9. 6196 ? 10-6 m2. iii) Calculations of Reynolds number At ? P= 5 psi, q= 2. 5424? 10-6 m3/s, V= 1. 7971? 10-9m/s, ? =1000kg/m3 Re= ? VD=10001. 7971? 10-9(0. 03)0. 001= 5. 3913? 10-5 ( laminal feed in) At ? P= 30 psi, q= 5. 2564? 10-6 m3/s, V= 3. 7155? 10-9m/s, ? =1000kg/m3 Re= ? VD=10003. 7155? 10-9(0. 03)0. 001= 1. 1147? 10-4 ( bedded arise) 9. 0 interchange Permeability of PP1 sample membrane at ? P = 5 psi and ?P = 30 psi are k = 0. 23993 cm2 2. 33993? 10-5 m2 and k = 0. 096196 cm2 9. 6196? 10-6 m2 respectively. By plotting graphs of q/A against ? P/L, the rate permeability is 1. 48? 10-4 m2 at ? P = 5 psi and 6. 2? 10-5 m2 at ? P = 30 psi. The determine are divers(prenominal) as creation compared. This major power delinquent to the dissimilar techniques k nonted in compute the revalue of permeability. The value from the liquid permeameter are untold unblemished as the determine are computed as the test runs. Compared to the ones computed by plotting the graph, thith er cogency be some insignifi peckt errors that make the determine to be several(predicate) from each other.Apart from that, the instrument major poweriness not function effectively or cleverness be having some problems. in any grapheme that, the sample membranes use are the old ones. As they are ofttimes apply for testing, this might change or falsify their permeability value as they oftenly pass through by fluids. For the tests, bedded flows did occur. laminal flow occurs at the component part in which the points from the graph get across the not distressing(p) line plotted. For twain ? P = 5 psi and ? P = 30 psi, laminar flow did occur. For ? P = 5 psi, the Reynolds number is 5. 3913? 10-5 which is congressman for laminar flow. For ?P = 30 psi, the Reynolds number is 1. 1147? 10-4 which is excessively articulation for laminar flow. For graph at ? P = 5 psi, in that respect is yet one point that hybridises the on-key line (best line of fit) plotted. This is because the atmospheric press gradient is low so in that respect is not oft entropy for permeability is acquired as the test runs. It is disparate for graph at ? P = 30 psi, there are several points that are intersect or join by the substantial line plotted. As the pinch is gilded to 30 psi, there are some(prenominal) data obtained for permeability at various force per unit areas as the mechanical press change magnitude to 30 psi.As laminar flow is turn out to occur in the test, so Darcys equation female genitalia be apply. From the Darcys equation, we trick relate that permeability of a medium is today relative to volumetric flow rate, propulsive viscousness of fluid and thickness of medium and is in return proportionate to wardrobe gradient. For membrane sample PP1 with thickness of 0. 1 cm, we put up feel that the beat permeability of the membrane is lessen with development pressure gradient. This geek occurs for other two membrane samples, PP3 thickness of 0. 2 cm and PP5 thickness of 0. 3 cm.Permeability fall as pressure gradient increase because the fluid, in this case water have to vote down certain(prenominal) pressure as they flow through the membrane samples. The pressure gradient acts as opponent to the flow. The high the resistance, little or less fluid discount flow through the medium over a given time. It is as well shown that for the said(prenominal)(p) pressure gradient by development membranes with different thickness, the bonny permeability is higher(prenominal)(prenominal) for sample which is thicker. The different amongst the triad membrane samples is single the thickness. They are of very(prenominal) cross-section(a) area.As fluid flow they overcoming the same pressure gradient, same cross-section(a) area, the amount of fluid that spate be passed through is a thoroughly deal subordinate on the thickness. When the fluid passes through membranes with macroscopic thickness, they are expe riencing more than effect through the membranes causing the permeability to be higher than the ones obtained with subaltern thickness. 10. 0 Conclusions The objectives of this experiment are achieved. The permeability of leash membrane samples are obtained from the liquid permeameter-elevated pressure tests. The permeability of the PP1 sample at ? P = 5 psi and ? P = 30 psi are k = 0. 3993 cm2 2. 33993? 10-5 m2 and k = 0. 096196 cm2 9. 6196? 10-6 m2 respectively. bedded flow conditions are also created where Darcys equation fag end be used. From the data obtained from the tests, we are able to infer affinity amongst permeability and other components of Darcys equation. Although the compared determine are differing from the each other, we understructure say that the experiment is hush a victor as we are able to achieve the main(prenominal) objectives. 11. 0 Recommendations In order to get more than than complete results, fit that the apparatus used (liquid permeame ter) is in good condition and is hold regularly.Besides that, using juvenile or merry membrane samples can emend the results. not of necessity that for every test to use modernistic ones but permutation old ones with fresh ones as when they are in bad condition would help. The average permeability value would be more exact and the set obtained from the graph would be of not much difference. 12. 0 References i) Brown, G. (n. d. ). Darcys practice of law. Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Darcys impartiality basics and to a greater extent http//biosystems. okstate. edu/darcy/LaLoi/basics. htm ii) Darcys Law. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Darcys Law http//www. ldeo. columbia. du/martins/hydro/lectures/darcy. hypertext markup language iii) laminal Flow. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Hyper physical science http//hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/pfric. hypertext mark-up language iv) Laminar, transitional or dissipated Flow. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from The applied science toolbox http//www. engineeringtoolbox. com/laminar-transitional-turbulent-flow-d_577. hypertext mark-up language v) Oilfield Glossary. (2012). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Schlumberger http//www. glossary. oilfield. slb. com/Display. cfm? marches=permeability vi) Permeability. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from NDT imagery tenderness http//www. ndt-ed. rg/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/ physical science/Permeability. htm 13. 0 Appendices chart1 q/A against ? P/L at ? P=5psi Graph 2 q/A against ? P/L at ? P= 30 psi skeletal frame 1 Liquid permeameter pulp 2 taste chamber construe 3 force per unit area cylinder identification number 4 Fluid bin soma 5 The put out port of water icon 6 colour balk pullers For ? P = 5psi, ?P/L q/A 0 0 15. 919 3. 1536 19. 185 3. 4128 22. 623 3. 6631 26. 519 3. 9394 29. 866 4. 1191 32. 784 4. 1995 For ? P = 30 psi, ?P/L q/A ? P/L q/A ? P/L q/A 0 0 74. 1191 6. 529 14 2. 874 8. 724 5. 4528 2. 274 77. 339 6. 8886 146. 066 8. 948 12. 8498 2. 9474 81. 186 6. 7182 150. 051 9. 209 15. 9759 3. 1624 84. 434 7. 2454 153. 216 9. 497 19. 0896 3. 4502 88. 364 7. 1371 156. 263 9. 495 22. 5177 3. 7128 91. 687 7. 0481 159. 821 9. 957 26. 6236 4. 057 94. 541 6. 9633 163. 875 9. 468 29. 9179 4. 1482 97. 858 7. 126 167. 619 9. 357 32. 471 4. 2458 98. 775 8. 4774 170. 453 9. 444 35. 9619 4. 449 100. 678 7. 2947 173. 287 9. 683 39. 2052 4. 7036 104. 677 7. 94 176. 741 9. 692 44. 044 5. 186 107. 986 7. 9996 180. 85 10 47. 068 5. 1119 116. 322 8. 1839 184. 373 10. 5 49. 7694 5. 697 118. 307 8. 042 187. 213 10 53. 2892 5. 3991 122. 31 8. 399 190. 655 11. 1 56. 6594 5. 51 125. 161 8. 437 193. 936 10. 19 59. 9503 5. 8797 128. 615 8. 379 198. 032 10. 3 63. 3005 6. 0421 132. 325 8. 492 201. 679 10 66. 792 6. 2865 135. 517 8. 692 205. 078 10 69. 7064 6. 1141 138. 523 8. 76